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1. Apex Triggers and Trigger-Handler Frameworks

Apex triggers are fired when a record is created, updated, deleted or undeleted. They are used by developers to implement business rules that can’t be accomplished using standard Salesforce settings.

For example a trigger can validate an opportunity before it is saved. A trigger handler separates the trigger from the main code. This leads to more readable, testable and modifiable code.

2. Synchronous and Asynchronous Apex

Synchronous Apex runs within the framework of the current transaction. This is useful for performing actions that need to be performed before the transaction can be processed, for example, validating related records.

Asynchronous Apex performs work outside the current user transaction if the platform and task limits allow. Queueable Apex, Batch Apex or Scheduled Apex enable developers to process larger workloads, run jobs later or break up time-consuming operations. The methodology is based on processing requirements and transaction thresholds.

3. Governor-Limit-Aware Development

Salesforce implements Governor limits to limit the processing a transaction can consume. Code that goes out of bounds can break, even with correct business logic.

Apex developers should monitor database queries, log updates, CPU time and heap usage. For example, you might create a process that updates one record differently than a process that updates many related records.

4. Bulkification and SOQL/SOSL Optimisation

Bulkified Apex can process a number of records in one transaction, instead of just assuming that one record will change. This is important if users update records in bulk or if an automated process works on many records at once.

SOQL queries and database operations can be moved out of loops, retrieve only the fields they need and avoid repeating queries. They can use SOQL to query records that meet specific criteria, and SOSL to search text across supported objects. What is the correct solution? It is based on search requirements and data structure.

5. Test Classes and Deployment Readiness

Apex test classes are used to verify that the code works correctly. Developers are able to test normal results, invalid inputs, bulk record changes and error conditions prior to deployment.

For example, a test can verify that a trigger applies a business rule to a group of records, rather than just to one. As part of getting ready for deployment, you might run the appropriate tests, check dependencies, look at test failures, and make sure that the changes work in the target environment. Salesforce production deployments generally require a minimum of 75% overall Apex code coverage, with further requirements for triggers and deployment validation.

6. CRUD, Field-Level Security, and Sharing Enforcement

Apex code must take care of accessing records and fields. Object permissions control whether the user can create, read, update or delete records. Field security limits access to specific fields. Sharing rules and record access control which records a user can access.

Developers are able to help enforce these rules by using appropriate sharing declarations and security checks. They should also test the query and data change behaviour under the desired user permissions. The specific method depends on how the code is executed and whether the code has elevated system access.

7. Mock Testing for Callouts

You have Apex code that calls an external endpoint and you want tests that are not dependent on a live service being available. HttpCalloutMock allows the developer to return a known response in a test.

A mock can simulate a successful response, an error response or even an unexpected response body. This is handy for testing your Apex code behaviour under different scenarios without actually making an HTTP call. Tests should include testing of response handling, error paths, and any retry logic that is part of the implementation.

1. Trigger Handler Pattern

The Trigger Handler pattern is useful to keep triggers short and simple. Most of the work is shoved into separate classes. It allows developers to manage record updates, to avoid writing repetitive code and debug problems more efficiently. It also improves readability, testability and upgradeability of Apex code as the business requirements change over time.

2. Selector and Domain Patterns

The Selector pattern centralises database queries. The Domain pattern isolates business rules for each Salesforce object. These patterns help developers to write clear code and not to repeat work. They also make queries easier to reuse, code easier to test, and problems easier to fix when changes are needed in the project.

3. Database.Stateful Batch Apex

Database.Stateful enables an Apex batch job to retain values in memory as it processes batches of records. Developers may use it to count processed records or to prepare a final report. It’s useful when a job requires data from previous groups. The job can retain these values and use them later when processing the remaining groups of records of the same batch.

4. @testSetup for Test Data

You can use the @testSetup annotation to create test records that other test methods can use. It’s time saving as developers don’t need to create the same records for each and every test . This results in a brief and simple test code. It is used by developers when many tests need the same data to ensure that Apex code is working correctly.